The Saffron Walden Historical Journal was launched in 2001 by the Saffron Walden Historical Society and all issues to date have been kept in print. It is now proposed to discontinue reprints of the early issues and instead provide the articles online, via the Recorders of Uttlesford website. Articles are reproduced by kind permission of the authors and remain the copyright of the Journal. Their publication on this website does not constitute permission to copy into any other medium, without the express permission of the Editor, who can be contacted through this website. Permission will normally be granted for non-commercial usage. The articles may be used for educational and research purposes by bona fide researchers. They can be found either under the place to which they relate or, if covering a wider area, under the Uttlesford history section. Further articles will be added twice a year, but only several years after original publication. Those wishing to contact the authors can do so via the editor. Please note that in most cases the original illustrations are not included but can be seen by consulting the original journals held at Saffron Walden Town Library.

Jacqueline Cooper, Editor

Article from Saffron Walden Historical Journal No 1 (2001)

"Skulduggery in the History of Strethall"

by David Melford

Small parishes do not necessarily have brief histories. Strethall (600 acres, 11 houses - current population 22) is arguably the smallest parish in Essex but its origin can be traced back well before Domesday when the 10 hides of land sold by King Aethelred to Aelsinus, Abbot of Ely in 1008 AD were shortly afterwards divided in two. Five hides remained with Littlebury and became Littlebury Green while the other five (the 600 acres) eventually became the Manor & Parish of Strethall, circumscribed by boundaries that have endured to the present day.

Even very small communities, when surveyed over almost a thousand years, can be expected to have accumulated an assortment of misdeeds, the records of which have in some cases survived.These can make interesting reading in their own right as well as offering some small insights into the times in which they took place. Distilling a selection of them from a wide variety of sources has yielded the following examples. There was for example:

In 1066, two men, William and Alwin, farmed Strethall for the Abbot of Ely and were not permitted to leave the land - or so the Domesday Book tells us. This cosy arrangement was upset by one Hugo de Berners, who had arrived with William the Conqueror. In line with established custom and practice for victorious invaders, he usurped 3 hides of land in Strethall - some 60% of the parish.

Parochially speaking this was larceny on a grand scale and, to give credit where it is due, King William soon obliged his friends to return such items of real estate to their rightful owners. A Charter recorded in the Liber Eliensis dated 1082 - four years before the Domesday Book - lists the miscreants and the amount of land stolen and goes on “Let the Abbot of Ely reclaim the lands that these men hold; if the Abbot is able to show that the above lands are part of the demesne of his Church and if the above men cannot show that they hold these lands by my gift”.

The Abbot in question was now a Norman, Abbot Simeon, and he solved the problem of reclaiming his property by a simple device. The Abbey was deemed a Barony and obliged to provide 40 knights for the Kings army when required to do so. In effect, Simeon allowed the usurpers to keep their land in return for helping him with this military obligation. Thus Hugo de Berners came to hold Strethall for one knights fee. The de Berners held Strethall for almost 200 years until 1263 when they were involved in another major misdeed:

This time it was a John de Berners who joined Simon de Montforts rebellion. The rebels were defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1263 and their lands were forfeit. Strethall thus became Crown property once more and two years later, at the Battle of Chesterfield, John de Berners was killed.

It could be argued, however that these weighty affairs qualify as sins of state and are scarcely the rustic peccadilloes that could be expected to characterise a tiny hamlet. They had little effect on daily life in Strethall which revolved mainly around subsistence farming, grazing sheep on the chalk hills, spinning and probably weaving. This modus vivendi was to persist until another 650 years had passed. Nevertheless, in 1309, there is evidence of a minor ripple in an otherwise bucolic scene - a monumental mugging - although even this rural punch-up was brought to the attention of the King.

The Calendar of Patent Rolls records that Henry Le Drivere of Strethall joined with no fewer than 27 others, led by Alice de Bello Monte, in assaulting the unfortunate Michael Cherne at Elmdon. It is tempting to think of Alice as a somewhat muscular lady of Wagnerian proportions, egging on her overwhelming force to beat up Michael Cherne who must have offended her deeply.In fact she held one of the Elmdon manors in chief and hence was indeed something of a force to be reckoned with.

We would not know about the incident at all were it not that a whistle-blower was present in the person of Nicolas de Segrave who later “held the Manor of Heiden of the King in chief by the serjaunty of holding a basin and towel in the the king’s hall on the day of the kings coronation”. The consequence of his intervention was that the king set up a Commission of Oyer and Terminer to enquire into the incident. This should have revealed the cause of the dispute and the outcome but unhappily, according to the Public Record Office, no records of such Commissions survive from this early a date.

The next misdeed has no national overtones and is a simple matter of debt. This was taken very seriously however in 1435 and the nature of the debt in this case is rather intriguing.

1435 AD. The Welshing Parson

The Parson involved was John Waleys, clerk, who, together with John Pound, was appointed to the living in Strethall in 1433 by the then Lord of the Manor, William Bredewardyn. Newcourts Repertorium which records this appointment says also that it was twinned with Broxbourne and that the incumbent “permutated” to share the livings. John Waleys must have resigned within the year because John Pound's appointment is said to be “per resig. Waleys”. The cause of Waleys resignation may have been that he had got himself irretrievably into debt and had ended up being pursued in a court of law by his main creditor.

The fact that he was in debt is not in itself a great surprise. At this time, Strethall was a very poor living and remained so until the arrival of John Gardner, a wealthy Inner Temple lawyer, as Lord of the Manor in 1500. It cannot be without significance that, of the nine rectors appointed before his arrival, eight, including Waleys, all resigned, the ninth having died in office after two years. After 1500, the next eight rectors all died in office, one of them holding the living for 63 years.

What is rather remarkable, is that John Waleys debt was to Ralph Pennarth, citizen and tailor of London, to whom he owed 40 shillings. The journey from Strethall to London in 1433 must have been hazardous, time-consuming and expensive. For a country parson from a poor living to have his clothes made by a London tailor could be thought a somewhat extravagant undertaking. The fact that we know about the incident at all is due to the fact that Waleys failed to appear before the magistrate to answer the charge brought against him. Nevertheless, he must have discharged the debt and/or produced some very convincingexplanation, for he was pardoned for this non-appearance - and it is this pardon that in 1435 is recorded in the Calendar of Patent Rolls.

Robert Turner of Strethall, who described himself as a husbandman, was a wealthy farmer with both freehold and copyhold land in Strethall and the neighbouring Catmere End and at least two houses.When he died in 1558, he provided handsomely for seven children, the eldest of which was John Turner. Sometime shortly before 1560, Robert, or more likely John, built a new house to the latest lobby-entrance design with a cross wing and central chimney stack.Such ostentation seems to have attracted the undesirable attentions of one Lawrence Pave or Pathe. The outcome is summarised in the following extract from the records ofthe General Sessions of the Peace held at Chelmsford [Assizes] :- “...Thursday after Easter, 1560, before Anthony Browne and Rich. Weston, justices of the Common Pleas, Wm.Bendlowes, serjeant-at-law, and Edmd. Bockinge Esq., justices of the peace on the oaths of [a list of 17 names], who say that Lawrence Pave alias Pathe lately of Stratford in the county of Herts., yeoman, on the 27th day of March in the second year of the reign of Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France and Ireland, suddenly with arms, namely staffs, swords and cutlasses, burglariously entered the dwelling house of the same John Turner at Strethall, about 7 oclock at night, and put him in fear of his life, and stole from him 13s.4d in money.

Guilty; judgement given, to be hanged.

It seems likely that “ Stratford” is a simple mistranscription for Stortford, travel in those days being a matter of some difficulty, particularly when burdened with “staffs, swords and cutlasses

Recusancy qualified as a crime in an era when adhering to the Catholic faith and celebrating Mass was against the law of the land. Thomas Crawley, Lord of the Manor of Strethall, was a member of one of the wealthy and powerful Catholic families who endured considerable harassment and persecution during the reign of Elizabeth. He was imprisoned, fined on numerous occasions, forbidden to leave London and a constant target for malicious informers. Finally he decided enough was enough and, rather than abjure his faith, he sued for peace, petitioning the Queen and contracting with Her Majesty in the following words recorded in a document held by the Public Record Office:-

“I Thomas Crawlie being called before her maties Commyssioners the xxiii Daye of Marche the xxviiith yeare of her maties raigne to understand what yearlie portion I would transfer to her highness receite of the Exchequer, to be exempted from a statute made against recusants, free from all vexation of informers touringe the shire. In considerton whereof, I am contented to paye into her maties receite the sum of thirtye poundes by the yeare and for her maties gratious favour herein towards me, I do acknowledg myself bounde to praye unto Almmightie God for her longer lyffe and prosperous raigne. And thus I am most willinglie to doe.

By me Thomas Crawlie”.

In other words, he bought the right to cleave to his faith as long as he adopted a low profile and made no trouble. Thirty pounds was a very considerable sum to pay annually even for a wealthy man and shortly afterwards he sold Strethall to his brother-in-law, Giles Greene, another staunch Catholic.

1607 AD. Seduction in the Rectory

Although not exactly a crime, seduction must be one of the most common misdemeanours to occur in any community - although not always in a rectory. The parties involved were Robert Parker and Agnes Ewens, both of whom at the time were servants to Francis Lynsell, the longest-serving incumbent Strethall has ever had and whose 63 years service has already been mentioned. It appears that, at this time, the costs of raising a child born out of wedlock fell upon the parish unless the responsibility could be laid elsewhere. As soon as Agnes condition was discovered, Francis Lynsell took the case to the Essex Quarter Sessions at Easter 1607.

Robert Parker was the son of John Parker of Elmdon, husbandman. To judge from their wills, those describing themselves as husbandmen were comparatively affluent. Certainly this is true of the Turners of Strethall whose wills in several cases were written by Francis Lynsell himself since he was probably the only person available who was sufficiently literate to perform this task. The case was therefore brought against John Parker for his son Robert Parker “late servant to Mr Lynsell” (Robert had clearly been sacked) who was “charged by Mr Lynsell with begetting Agnes Ewens, servant also in the house of the said Mr Lynsell, who therefore required security on his behalf and that of the rest of the parishioners for saving harmless their parish from the further charge of the said child”. Robert was ordered “to appear and not depart before some further order be taken, until the said Agnes be delivered, and to keep the peace towards the said Mr Lynsell”.

This last admonition was probably justified. Robert would not have been popular at home, had lost his job and probably saw his former employer as the author of all his misfortunes. In those days, it would not be unusual if the child died at birth but Francis Lynsells pre-emptive action clearly established responsibility whatever the outcome.

This rather recherché misdeed is a crime against an ecclesiastical law which may seem somewhat arcane to the layman. The relevant provision is simply that a clergyman may not purchase the next presentation to a living for himself - particularly if the living is already vacant.

John de Berners started something of a trend for Lords of the Manor of Strethall when he joined the rebellion against the King in 1263. Thomas Crawleys recusancy in Elizabeths reign continued the trend and during the period of the Commonwealth it is no surprise to learn that the then Lord of the Manor, Robert Newport, was a staunch Royalist. This allegiance proved disastrous for the Newport fortunes and it is understandable that, when a vacancy occurred in the living in Strethall, Robert was not averse to profiting from the opportunity to exercise his advowson. John Buckley was his appointee and his incumbency lasted only three months and three weeks. For such prompt action to be taken to remove him, someone must have informed the authorities and a likely suspect is John Debnam, his successor.

Not the least surprising aspect of this bizarre affair is that the crime turned out not to be the killing but the burglary that the victim was engaged in when he was killed. Comparisons with the recent case of the Norfolk farmer, Tony Martin, (sentenced to life imprisonment for shooting the gypsy lad Fred Barras while the latter was burgling his farmhouse late at night), are particularly striking.

Nehemiah Perry, in the middle of the 19th century, lived in Strethall Hall and farmed virtually the whole of the parish of Strethall. He was a flamboyant, hard-drinking character who had his clothes made in Bond Street and who, early in his career, had fallen for Sarah, a young gypsy girl. In due course he married her in rather a hurry by special licence - probably she was pregnant - and she bore him three children none of whom survived him.

After some time, Nehemiah tired of her and Sarah was banished to live in a nearby cottage on his farm, dire consequences being threatened to any man who should visit her. Her kin were displeased at this treatment, swore vengeance on Nehemiah and the scene was set for the tragic consequences that ensued.

The night of Wednesday, February 28th/ March 1st, 1849 was cold and snow lay on the ground. Shortly before one in the morning, the household at Strethall Hall was aroused by a crash downstairs (it subsequently transpired that the burglars had knocked over a plate rack while entering via the scullery window). Nehemiah came out on the landing with a shotgun and a figure wearing a sacking hood with eyeholes cut in it, appeared at the bottom of the stairs. In one hand he carried a lantern and in the other, what appeared to be a bludgeon. As he advanced up the stairs, Nehemiah shot him dead at virtually point blank range. The victims companions dragged the man into the back parlour and then fled.

On the Thursday morning the police were called, statements taken and a Coroners Jury convened to meet over the body on the following Saturday. The Foreman of the Jury was a Mr Bewsher who ran the mill at Littlebury and Nehemiah was probably one of his best customers. Witnesses were sworn - although, interestingly, Nehemiah was not - testimony was given and eventually the Foreman rose and said that the jury were unanimous in considering it Justifiable Homicide and that it was their bounden duty to express their feelings at the conduct of Mr Perry who was not only entitled to the thanks of the Jury but of the whole neighbourhood and of the country generally. The Coroner then said he entirely concurred in Mr Bewsher<s observations and begged to add his congratulations to those of the Jury.

The body had not yet been identified and so was then placed in the tower of Strethall Church for the populace to view. An enterprising sexton charged them 3d for this privilege and large numbers came. The following day, Sunday, the turnkey of the Borough gaol in Cambridge arrived and recognised the corpse as that of Abraham Green, a well known poacher, who had been in his gaol on several occasions.

All the above was reported in detail in the broadsheet of the time, the account closing with the words “The body of Green has been interred and the usual churchservice read over it”. This was not true. Nehemiah packed up the body in a game hamper and sent it to his medical adviser in the Department of Anatomy in Cambridge. It was subsequently transferred to the Museum of Anatomy and, when this collection was dispersed, the skull of Abraham Green eventually ended up in the Department of Biological Anthropology and about half of the rest of his bones in the Museum of Zoology.

Neither Nehemiah nor anyone else at the time saw the slightest need to justify his action. Nevertheless, in fairness it should be remarked that intruders armed with clubs who persist in their intrusion after knocking over a plate rack and waking the household, may well have had some more serious intent than burglary on their minds.

Conclusion

It may now be necessary to emphasise that the present population of Strethall, is, of course, composed entirely of peace-loving, law-abiding citizens who pay their taxes with alacrity and good humour. Over the past thousand years, however, there is persuasive evidence that they have, on occasion, strayed somewhat from the straight and narrow.

Bibliography

Liber Eliensis,E.O.Blake, 1962. Royal Historical Society, London.

Domesday Book, vol 32, Essex ; Phillimore, London 1983.

Miller E. The Abbey & Bishopric of Ely, Camb.Univ.Press,1951.

Powicke F.M. Henry III and The Lord Edward, Oxford Univ.Press, 1947.

Calendar of Patent Rolls. (available in the Official Publications Room, Cambridge University Library.)

Newcourts Repertorium, 1710, vol. 2, Motte, London.

Essex Record Office website, SEAX.

Public Record Office Document: Ref.PRO SP 12/187 (Thomas Crawley sues for peace).

Public Record Office website.

The Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal, Isle of Ely Herald and Huntingdonshire Gazette

issues for March 3rd and 10th, 1849. (available on microfiche in the Cambridge University Library)

Wherry G., Notes from a Knapsack, Bowes & Bowes, Cambridge, 1909.

NOTE

Fuller details of all references except those on the web sites can be found in: D.A. Melford A History of the Manor & Parish of Strethall (available in Saffron Walden Town Library, Cambridge University Library and Essex Record Office). This contains a full transcription of the Cambridge Chronicle articles.

© Saffron Walden Historical Journal 2001.